Re: PCB High Speed Routing: Confusing matching length tolerances specified in ps. We had to do 'trace matching' (actually should be referred to as path delay matching) to ensure our DDR3 1600 would work, as the combined FPGA/DDR3 package pin delays exceeded the DDR3 controller core compensation range. Watch routing PCB Layout with DDR3 & High Speed Interfaces - Duration: 1:43. Robert Feranec 86,673 views.
Run clocks 3X from any other traces, generally you will only have space to route at 0.1mm/0.1mm, this is usual for todays dense high speed boards.Use a PCB impedance calculator such as Saturn toolkit to determine the characteristic trace impedance.With DDR interfaces you will very lucky if you have the room to route with a space of 3X the trace width, 1X is more likely. Route the data lanes on different layers to the address and control signal. Micron has many guides for routing DDR interfaces I would suggest you go read them as well as other guides.
Top 10 Tips for High Speed PCB DesignSam Sattel.The Top 10 Tips to Make Your First High Speed PCB Design Project a SuccessIt wasn’t that long ago when the word “high speed” didn’t exist in the vocabulary of PCB designers. But these days, it seems to be just the opposite. Back then, the concern was all about putting the puzzle pieces together and strategizing your way through a physical board layout. But with high speed design?
Now there’s a bunch of invisible forces to worry about, things like electromagnetic interference (EMI), crosstalk, signal reflection, and the list goes on. Here are some practical tips to make your first high speed design process a success. More Data, More EMIIn 2005, 3 Gbps was considered the typical high speed data rate, but today engineers are dealing with 10 Gbps, and even 25. And not only that, as we keep pushing for faster and faster clock rates, we’re making devices smaller than ever to meet growing consumer demand. Whatever you’re designing today, you most likely already incorporate some aspect of high speed design, whether that’s with DDR, PCI Express, USB, SATA, etc. The amount of complexity and density for high speed applications can get a little overwhelming.
At the heart of high speed, PCB design is an issue of interference. The faster your data rates are, the more issues you have trying with to protect the integrity of your signals. Most of these problems stem from electromagnetic radiation.
This radiation is relatively harmless in small amounts when it makes contact with a circuit. But when it starts to interference with the operation of your electronic device as a whole, then radiation becomes interference, and Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) becomes a whole new world of problems for you to worry about. If you’ve ever heard or encountered issues related to noise, then you know exactly what we’re talking about. Any current is going to produce a magnetic field, and that’s the start of electromagnetic radiation. So you might be wondering, how in the world do you ever know if you’re working on a high speed project without discovering it through EMI issues?
There are several schools of thought here, and we’ll break down the top 3:. Frequency. The first thought is that high speed design is categorized based on the frequency of a PCB and its ability to affect circuit performance. For some, this means anything above 50 MHz. Others categorize it into several buckets for low speed (. Known by many as the go-to book for all things high speed design. Start your plan with studying!
#2 – Document Every Detail of Your Board Stackup for ManufacturingTo build off of the planning stage in Tip 1, it’s now time to define and document your layer stackup requirements thoroughly. This is a perfect time to get together with your manufacturer to determine what materials of your board, and what specific constraints you need to input into your design rules.
As far as materials go, you’ll likely be working with one of these:. FR-4.
This is a great material when you’re working with clock speeds of. Rogers has a bit of a different look to it when compared with FR4, notice the thickness! Once you know the material you’ll need to have your board manufactured; now it’s time to keep some other layer stackup strategies in mind. First, you’ll always need to have a signal layer placed adjacent to a plane layer to provide your signals with an efficient return path. It’s also worth considering routing all of your high speed signals on the inner layers of your board between planes, which will provide shielding against any external emitted radiation.
Lastly, also consider using multiple ground planes in your layer stack up. This will help to lower your reference impedance and reduce common-mode radiation from affecting your circuit.#3 – Floor Planning – Organize Your Board Into Logical SectionsAlong the lines of planning out your high speed design requirements and your layer stack up, you also need to consider how your board is going to be organized. Remember above when we talked about how high speed design can be classified based on a collection of sub-circuits? You’ll need to decide where all of these sub-circuits are placed within the larger design.This is particularly the case for digital and analog sections, which need to be carefully isolated to reduce any potential interference.
When planning out the physical organization of your layout, consider something like the image below. This engineer has clearly kept digital away from analog, and the Power section isolated from both digital and analog. Know where all of your circuits are going to go? #4 – Know How to Use Your Power and Ground PlanesNow that your planning and layer stackup is fully defined, it’s time to get into the nitty gritty details that you’ll need to consider when designing.
The first is your ground plane, which needs to be complete. By this, we mean not splitting your ground plane with any routed signals. If you create a split in this plane, signals will have to go around the void, which can lead to some nasty EMI and signal timing issues. If you do need to split a ground plane, then be sure to add a 0 Ohm resistor alongside the signal trace so that your return signal has a bridge to make its return path easier. A great example of the extra work a signal has to take with a split plane. #5 – Keep the Size of Your Land Patterns at a MinimumAny PCB design you’ve worked on in the past has probably had larger pads than was necessary.
This was done for obvious reasons. It makes it easier to fit a soldering iron on the pad, inspections are quicker, and component placement precision becomes less of an issue.But with high speed designs, your board real estate is going to be at a premium, and every inch of space you can save will count towards making it all fit. In light of this, we recommend maintaining a minimum oversize for all of your pads at 0-5% of the size of the component pins. This is compared with a traditional oversize of around 30% for standard electronic designs.Why the drop in space? Not only will this help to improve mechanical strength, but it’s also going to reduce your parasitic capacitance, which comes in handy when dealing with high frequencies. And most important, the less space you give to your pads the more room you’ll have for differential pairs, vias, and those high pin-count parts like FPGAs or ICs. #6 – Route Your Signals for Maximum Shielding BenefitsThe high frequency signals on your board are going to be emitting a ton of electromagnetic radiation as they travel from source to sink.
And the last thing you want to happen is to have two signals interfering with each other or a nearby component. To avoid conflicts on your board and maximize shielding benefits for your signals, consider these guidelines:. Be sure to keep long, parallel signals on your board at a minimum to avoid any signal coupling or crosstalk. Maintain as much distance as possible between your signal traces, and even consider routing signals on a separate layer if they’re going to be particularly noisy. When routing signals on different layers, be sure to route them orthogonally to each other. That is, on one signal layer your traces will be routed horizontally, and on the other vertically, 45 degrees, etc. Each layer is being routed in a different direction orthogonally to avoid coupling.
#7 – Provide an Efficient Path for Current ReturnOn high speed designs, each of your signals is going to seek a route from source to sink along the path of least impedance. For system clocks and other high speed I/O devices, ensuring this smooth path of travel might require the use of a via. Without these, you might find yourself with currents spreading around splits in your ground plane, and in turn leading to a loss of signal integrity.
Transition vias can quickly get your traces from source to sink on high speed layouts. If you do find yourself using vias to return your currents to their termination, then make sure you use tightly coupled, impedance matched differential vias to ensure your signals arrive on time. And when placing your return vias, place them as close as possible to your signal vias to minimize the length your signal has to travel. #8 – Use the 3W Rule to Minimize Coupling Between TracesHaving your transmission lines couple can spell bad news for the integrity of your signal in transit. And while there’s always the general rule of keeping traces as far apart as possible to minimize this risk, it gets a bit fuzzy when it comes to the execution.If you’ve ever wondered how far you need to keep your traces from each other to minimize coupling, then use the 3W rule. It states that the separation between traces must be three times the width of a single trace when measured from center to center.
You can also increase this separation from three to 10 times to get even greater gains on reducing coupling and crosstalk. The 3W rule will keep your traces far enough as possible to minimize coupling.
#9 – Use the 20H Rule to Minimize Plane CouplingIn addition to the risk of coupling for individual traces, you also have to worry about the coupling between power and ground planes on your layout. If these two couple, you’ll get RF radiation spilling off the edges of your board, called fringing.To prevent this from happening, you’ll want to make any power plane that is adjacent to a ground plane smaller than the ground plane. This will allow any fringing to be absorbed into the ground plane instead of radiating out externally. How much smaller though?
Use the 20ᐧH rule, which says to make your power plan 20 times smaller than the dielectric thickness between your adjacent power and ground planes. The 20ᐧH rule helps to reduce coupling between power and ground planes. #10 – Finishing Off With General Routing GuidelinesTo finish off our top 10 tips is routing, which really deserves a blog post of its own, and probably a book to address things like RF, microwave or antenna design. This list isn’t exhaustive, so be sure to seek out the advice of a seasoned engineer for application-specific routing techniques.
Here we go:. 90-degree no-no. The first is always to avoid using 90-degree angle bends in your traces.
Right angled traces can lead to signal reflections. Differential pairs. You’ll only get the benefits of electromagnetic field cancellation when both the signals in your differential pair have the same length and gap. This will likely require some length match tuning in your PCB design software. Transmission lines.
![]()
Take the time to carefully design your transmission lines with the use of microstrip or stripline traces. Microstrip traces will only provide one reference plane separated by a dielectric. If you need more shielding capabilities, then a stripline will place a trace between multiple ground planes and a dielectric.New Solutions with High Speed DesignWhen working on your first high speed PCB design project, there are new issues that you’re bound to discover. It’s no longer just about fitting the puzzle pieces together until everything fits as it should. Now you have to worry about exactly what those signals in your traces are doing, and how they’re affecting the parts around your board. All of this really boils down to a problem of EMI.
And as you dive deeper into the world of high speed design you’ll begin arming yourself with strategies and knowledge to combat EMI with EMC, or electromagnetic compatibility. So consider these top 10 tips just enough to get you started on your first project, there’s still so much to learn!Ready to begin your first high speed design project?
Autodesk EAGLE has all the tools you need including differential pair routing, blind/buried vias, length tuning, and more.!
Comments are closed.
|
Details
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |